Tip: to be able to download in best quality with yt-dlp, it is recommended to also put ffmpeg.exe in the MPC-HC folder. You can even download those videos: Menu > File > Save a copy Then you can open website URLs in the player: Menu > File > Open File/URL Put yt-dlp.exe in the MPC-HC installation folder. You can stream videos directly from Youtube and many other video websites.Tip: there is a search box above the table. There are lots of keyboard hotkeys and mouse actions to control the player.This is also easily done with hotkeys (see below). You can rotate/flip/mirror/stretch/zoom the video.Menu > Play > After Playback (for current file only) Options > Playback > After Playback (permanent setting) ![]() For example to go to next file or close player. You can perform automatic actions at end of file.You can jump to next/previous file in a folder by pressing PageUp/PageDown.You can quickly seek through a video with Ctrl + Mouse Scrollwheel.MPC-HC can remember playback position, so you can resume from that point later.Options > Playback > Output > Audio Renderer This also has automatic pitch correction. This can be customized to smaller values (like 10%):Īdjusting playback speed works best with the SaneAR audio renderer. The buttons in the player that control playback rate take a 2x step by default. Or enable automatic search in: Options > Subtitles > Misc Tip: If you want an easy to use all-in-one package that contains MPC-HC and these renderers, then use K-Lite Codec pack. This requires using MPC Video Renderer or madVR.Īfter installation these renderers can be selected here: When using modern theme it is also possible to change the height of the seekbar and size of the toolbar buttons. Here is a list of useful options and features that everyone should know about: Overview of featuresĪ lot of people seem to be unaware of some of the awesome features that have been added to MPC-HC in the past years. If you are a programmer and want to help improve MPC-HC, then you can do so by submitting a pull request containing your patches. Same applies to code/files from other external projects that are used by MPC-HC, such as MediaInfo. That project is still actively maintained, and MPC-HC will be updated periodically with the latest codecs. ![]() The internal codecs are developed in an external project ( LAV Filters). In fact, several people have already helped to give the player some new functionality and other improvements. However, external developers can still contribute additional fixes and new functionality. Development is currently limited to small bug fixes and updates. This means that there are no direct plans for adding any big new features. The player is mature, stable, reliable, and already provides a huge amount of features.ĭue to a lack of active developers, the player is currently in maintenance mode. MPC-HC is based on the original Guliverkli project and contains many additional features and bug fixes. Joe brings that same passion to How-To Geek.Media Player Classic - Home Cinema (MPC-HC) is a free and open-source video and audio player for Windows. If something piques his interest, he will dive into it headfirst and try to learn as much as possible. Outside of technology, Joe is an avid DIYer, runner, and food enthusiast. After several years of jailbreaking and heavily modifying an iPod Touch, he moved on to his first smartphone, the HTC DROID Eris. ![]() ![]() He got his start in the industry covering Windows Phone on a small blog, and later moved to Phandroid where he covered Android news, reviewed devices, wrote tutorials, created YouTube videos, and hosted a podcast.įrom smartphones to Bluetooth earbuds to Z-Wave switches, Joe is interested in all kinds of technology. He has written thousands of articles, hundreds of tutorials, and dozens of reviews.īefore joining How-To Geek, Joe worked at XDA-Developers as Managing Editor and covered news from the Google ecosystem. Joe loves all things technology and is also an avid DIYer at heart. He has been covering Android and the rest of the Google ecosystem for years, reviewing devices, hosting podcasts, filming videos, and writing tutorials. Joe Fedewa has been writing about technology for over a decade.
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![]() Download and display your new brand on all your platforms. Add text and icons, and change fonts, colors and shapes to create your unique free logo. ![]() Customize your free logo with the easy-to-use Free Logo Design logo creator tool. We’ve compiled cartoon logo templates to help you see the bigger picture. Browse through several logo templates and choose the one that best fits your brand. And if you don’t feel like starting from scratch, our advanced AI image generator can help you convert your ideas into AI-generated images in seconds. Using cartoon characters can help your brand stand out and grab the attention of your target audience, regardless of their age. When you cartoon pictures online, your imagination is the limit you just need to choose the right filters to transform your pictures into museum-worthy works of art. There’s a general assumption stating that just like comic logo ideas, cartoon logos are suitable for targeting a younger audience, but it works well more than that. The tips and tricks are there to help you create an effective logo that boosts your brand. When creating your business logo, the sky’s the limit! While there are things to avoid during your design process, it doesn’t entirely mean that you’re doing it wrong. If you want to use cartoon logos to give your brand a playful vibe to connect with customers deeply, make sure to consider other design elements to pair with your logo design. Just looking at your logo gives people the idea that your brand is friendly and fun, making them engage more with your brand. In addition to eye-catching images such as animal logos or other cute designs, cartoon logos help establish your business as friendly and approachable.Ĭompared to simple wordmark logos or formal pictorial marks, cartoon logos help humanize your business. There are endless possibilities when choosing a logo for your business. This graphic design works for businesses of all sizes just make sure you know about the logo sizes to keep them high-quality in all your advertising materials. The simple lamp that appears right before a Pixar movie starts has become popular worldwide. Look at cartoon templates from famous businesses worldwide for logo design ideas and inspiration below! What Are Cartoon Logos?Ĭartoon logos are a good choice if you’re looking for an effective way to connect with your customers on a personal level! With their playful vibe, cartoon symbols are the perfect combination of humor and creativity to communicate to your audience. ![]() Take the first step to the ladder of success with your cartoon logo! Cartoon logos give your brand a unique identity that helps people remember your logo and brand easily. When you put your brand on the market, your main priority should be getting people to notice your brand. To run a successful business, you need to connect with your customers immediately. So, in your position, I'd probably find a friend with a Windows machine and create a FAT32 USB stick using the media creation tool, and add drivers for storage and chipset just in case. I would expect win11 to cope with both by now, but the dd-ed filesystem on the USB stick means you can't check just by downloading drivers and adding them to the stick. My second suspicion would be that it needs a storage driver for the SSD, or the SSD has an existing partitioning- or file-system it can't understand. If it's trying to mount that read/write, then it might explain why it booted, but then failed with such an unhelpful error message. My first suspicion would be that USB stick: Windows may be confused by a blockwise copy (that's what "dd" does) of an ISO9660 filesystem (used for installation DVDs) onto a read/write device like a USB stick (expecting e.g. In both cases, either it can't talk to the hardware (in which case it really does need drivers) or it can't understand the file system/partitioning scheme. ![]() What “media drivers” is it exactly prompting for?Ĭlick to expand.As says, this looks like a general complaint that it can't make use of one (or more) drives it needs - the SSD, or maybe the USB stick. But at the same time, even if I had the drivers for Windows 11, it wouldn't indicate much for me on which folder to go to at this prompt. So in essence no progress.Īdmittedly I've seen folders specifically for Windows 10 on the CD but not Windows 11, so not sure if my drivers disc too old for Windows 11. After it found / listed drivers I tried to go forward in the process, but after scanning a little it showed me the same message. I did have some drivers show up after picking a specific folder, but it was a random choice and didn't feel like a very solid step forward. There are plenty of folders (see picture). There's an option to Browse, but I'm not actually sure what to look for. After choosing language, next screen is showing message: " a media driver your computer needs is missing". Windows installation ISO boots as expected from USB. I have a DVD drive connected as well with the motherboard drivers. Boots perfectly from USB with ISO (made on Mac with dd command). Things have gone well so far: BIOS recognized the Samsung 970 EVO Plus, NVMe M.2. Click Yes to complete the installation.įor more information on Boot Camp, click here: to install Windows 11 on a new build of mine. ![]() When installation is complete, click Finish in the dialog that appears. ![]() Don't interrupt the installation process. When prompted to allow changes, click on Yes and follow the onscreen instructions.Double click on setup to start installing the Boot Camp Support Software.When running Windows, locate the Boot Camp folder on the USB media you created in Step 3 and double click to open it.zip file to the root level of a USB flash drive or hard drive that is formatted with the FAT file system Double click it to uncompress it, if it is not automatically uncompressed. ![]() This download contains the Windows Support Software (Windows Drivers) you need to support 64 bit versions of Windows 7 and Windows 8, and Windows 8.1 on your Mac.įor more information on which operating systems are supported on different Mac systems, click here: ![]() Exude a modern and professional appeal to future employers when you draft a nurse practitioner resume from ’s samples. They are printable in A4 and US sizes, saving you time in adjusting the paper size. Getting a printed sample is also not a problem with the resumes from. The prewritten headers will guide you through the whole writing process. With your skills in writing and editing with Microsoft Word tools, you can instantly add a personal flair to your resume. A uniquely qualified nurse practitioner with 7+ years of experience in the healthcare field. Skilled in treatment plan development and implementation to bring a significant difference in the lives of residents and patients. The sample nurse practitioner resumes are downloadable in Word. A compassionate and enthusiastic nurse practitioner with a glowing track record. If you prefer working in clinics, become the new best nurse practitioner by submitting a well-written Clinical Nurse Resume showing your accomplishments. Are you experienced as a family or school nurse practitioner? Use the Care Nurse Resume to list your skills and qualifications. You can write a professionally written cover letter even if you are applying for an entry-level position. In the collection, you can find editable sample content for various fields of expertise. But lets you save time on your writing by providing details closest to your professional job title with the Free Nurse Practitioner Resume Word Templates.īesides a cover letter or CV, you can shorten your application documents using a prewritten nurse practitioner resume. Are you a nurse practitioner looking for a job in hospitals? Ensure you highlight your experiences, certificates, and qualifications for the role in a Nurse Resume format. Likewise, they can also prescribe medications. A student nurse resume objective works for entry level nursing job applicants, interns, or anybody seeking a new niche. You can still prove that youre perfect for the job. Don’t include hobbies or personal details that don’t relate to your professional qualifications, for example. If youre still a student nurse and you havent completed your degree, dont fret. Your resume should showcase your qualifications and experience as a nurse practitioner, so be careful not to include irrelevant information that could distract from this. Proficient in patient assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Dedicated and highly skilled Nurse Practitioner with 10 years of experience in providing comprehensive healthcare services. With their extensive knowledge, they can even formulate treatment plans for patients and diagnose illnesses. Two Entry Level Nursing Resume Objectives. E: (555)555-5555 A: ABC Street, City, State 12345. They can interpret diagnostics and laboratory tests. Registered nurse practitioners work similarly to doctors. ![]() All settings are available in the game itself, the games also save automatically when you quit, though if you do it in the middle of the stage you will have to replay it from the beggining.Įach character, except Dutch, carries a melee weapon that boosts their range and damage: spears for predators and sword for Linn, you drop your weapon when you get knocked down but it stays on the ground for a while so you have a chance to retrieve it. Download the game and unpack the archive into "Paks" folder, then launch OpenBOR.exe and you are good to go. Very simple actually, you don't have to worry about matching emulator and rom versions, so just go over here, grab the latest release and unpack the corresponding version (I assume you are going to use windows) into the folder. Ingame settings can be accessed by pressign tab button, note that almost every button (including system related) for MAME can be changed, so feel free to go wild. ![]() ROMs directory can be changed in settings "Configure options>Configure directories". It detects game automatically, you don't need to scan for them this time, just select "available" tab after launching MAME. Download and unpack it, place game roms in "roms" folder. ![]() Example - you wan't to play japanese version of Punisher, but master rom for this is game is world version, so you need both world and japanese versions to play Punisher and both of them have to match the emulator. Renegade/Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun 1986 ( emulator - MAME 0.186 version, game rom US version) Load game", flag "Show available" line, also make sure that the entire "Hardware" section in the window to the right is flagged too.ħ) Click "Scan ROMs" and select folder where you placed your roms, if you decide to change it - click "ROMs Dirs"Ĩ) Click "Scan ROMs" and let emulator finish scanning, you will now see available games in central windowĩ) Highlight the game you want to play and click "Play" buttonġ0) Video, audio, input and other settings are available in their tabs at the top of the emulator windowĪlso, fbalpha features the so called "master roms" it means that you need a specific game rom even if you want to play other version. Ninja Baseball Batman 1993 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom US version) Metamorphic Force 1993 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom EAA version + JAA version, please use japanese version, it's better, you however need both EAA and JAA to play it) Kung-Fu Master 1984 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom) Guardians/Denjin Ma( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom) Gaiapolis 1993 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom EAF version) The game can be played solo or with a friend.Streets of Rage Remake 2011 ( download link, also includes optional save file that will unlock everything in the game)Īliens vs Predator 1994 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom EU version)īattletoads 1994 ( emulator - MAME 0.186 version, game rom)Ĭadillacs and Dinosaurs 1993 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom World (930201) version)ĭenjin Makai 1994 ( emulator - MAME 0.186 version, game rom - UPDATED LINKS, now it's a full game with dialogues, endings and bonus stages, MAME is now of a higher version with more features and better UI)ĭouble Dragon 1987 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom Japanese version)įinal Fight 1989 ( emulator - fbalpha 0.2.97.43 version, game rom World version set 1) Along the way health can be replenished by consuming food. Enemies can drop items like a sword that can be equipped and used. Barrels and crates can be picked up and thrown at enemies. ![]() The new characters are Girulian, Rou, ninja Jinrei and beastman Skullbyule.Īs you make progress you encounter numerous different enemies including monsters, animals mutants, cyborg, robots and bosses. Returning characters are: wrestler Tarukusu (now named Tulks), beastman Zeldia (now transformed in a blue haired winged female), robot Belva (now upgraded to P. Guardians or Denjinmakai II is a 2D side-scrolling beat 'em-up and sequel to Denjinmakai taking place in a futuristic setting and eight playable character to choose from. Supported: iOS/iPadOS 14.0 - 14.8 Some devices untethered - See here for device exclusions ![]() Supported: iOS/iPadOS 14.0 - 14.8.1 See here for device exclusions Supported: iOS/iPadOS 15.0 - 15.7.5 See here for device exclusions Supported: iOS/iPadOS 15.0 - 15.8.1 See here for device exclusions Supported: iOS/iPadOS 15.0 - 16.7.2 See here for device exclusions Supported: iOS/iPadOS 16.0 - 16.6.1 * See here for device exclusions Supported: iPadOS 15.0 - 17.2 beta See here for device exclusions Quick LinksįAQ Tweaks Complete Jailbreak Chart Click here to see what jailbreaks support your device/version. Feel free to send a modmail if you'd like one. We also offer custom flairs to development teams, tool creators, or people who have otherwise contributed to the community in a substantial way (at the moderators’ discretion). Want your device type and iOS version next to your username? Assign your device and iOS flair here! Apple Expert: These folks have received the highest level of training Apple has to offer, whether as an Apple Genius, an independent contractor, or an authorized service professional.Please read the FAQ page, sidebar and search before submitting a post. ![]() Apple Certified: Current or former Apple employees who have a certain level of certifications are given this title.Apple Trained: Current or former Apple employees who do not possess a higher level of certification.It is granted solely at the moderator's discretion.) Apple Helper: These fine individuals are hand-picked by the moderators as a badge of their expertise, despite not having any formal Apple training.We have four flairs to offer! PM the Mods with a GCX screenshot (or other proof), and we'll add flair proudly proclaiming your expertise! No rank is an indication that the person is always, or even mostly, correct. However, if a response is rude, irrelevant, or harmful, please report it. Do upvote interesting questions and helpful answers.ĭownvoting questions you feel are annoying or repetitive is counterproductive. All comments should have some relation to their parent.Ĩ. Top-level comments should contain an answer to the question(s) in the post. Answers must be within the bounds of Apple’s EULA.įor a list of subjects inappropriate for /r/AppleHelp, see Guideline 2 above. People come here for help, so please don't shove them right back out the door. Rudeness will not be tolerated! Suggesting someone "Google it" is a good example of this. Fixing problems over the internet is incredibly difficult! Guidelines for Readers We're here to help, and this is the easiest way for us to do that. ![]() If posting the same question in multiple places, include links to the other threads.If posting a log or crash report, upload it to Gist.Photos or screenshots of the issue Mac or iOS device.Your model of Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod, etcetera.Please make sure to include the following: ![]()
![]() It also means offering a variety of options in terms of file formats. Daily updated IPTV New Zealand listįor us, an IPTV free service is the ability to provide iptv m3u playlist 2023 updated and working. VLC is a great software to easily set up smart iptv url as well as smart iptv list. IPTV Smarters Pro allows you to run the m3u free list on android phone, tablet or TV.įor Windows users, iptv VLC media player remains the best option. Alternatively, you download IPTV Smarters as it it also a great iptv app. You can use Smart IPTV App siptv to setup iptv on your TV as illustrated in the tutorial below. Using Smart TV is absolutely supported in our smart iptv playlist urls. Our daily iptv m3u links you download are all compatible with Kodi m3u, smart tv, smartphones android and ios, Fire stick, computers windows Mac or linux. Download free iptv m3u playlist files or the iptv list url links and run them on any device you have. You also need to download free iptv links m3u playlist, and you have them free here.Ĭheck the sports section in our website in the menu of IPTV Sports. You only need an internet connection for that. ![]() If you are a sports fanatic, you can always keep track of all your fovorite games. you also find lists for Ecuador TV channels, USA and UK, Canada, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Frensh, Deutsch, Netherlands, Latinos, Chineese, Korean, Portugal, Turkish, and more. Here you find links for sports, movies, shows, nature, etc. In d., we publish daily updated m3u lists for all world tv channels streaming via iptv technology. Internet Protocol TV has made TV experience simple and fun. ![]() Instead of using cable or satellite TV, you can access any TV show, movies or series, sports games streaming, easily sticking to a mere iptv link url or m3u playlist. IPTV M3u links 2023 are a great way to benefit from watching TV. ![]() īetween 19, Floyd served eight jail terms on various charges, including drug possession, theft, and trespass. The New York Times described his deep-voiced rhymes as "purposeful", delivered in a slow-motion clip about "'choppin' blades' – driving cars with oversize rims – and his Third Ward pride." The second rap group he was involved in was "Presidential Playas" and he worked on their album Block Party released in 2000. Beginning in 1994, he performed as a rapper using the stage name Big Floyd in the hip-hop group Screwed Up Click. Adult lifeįloyd returned to Houston from college in Kingsville, Texas, in 1995 where he became an automotive customizer and played club basketball. At his tallest he was 6 feet 6 inches (198 cm) and by the time of his autopsy he was 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm) tall and weighed 223 pounds (101 kg). Floyd became a friend of future NBA player Stephen Jackson, who was referred to as his "twin" because of their strong resemblance to one another, after being introduced in the mid-1990s. He transferred to Texas A&M University–Kingsville in 1995, where he also played basketball before dropping out. The first of his siblings to go to college, Floyd attended South Florida Community College for two years on a football scholarship, and also played on the basketball team. ![]() He was also on the football team as a tight end, and in 1992, his team went to the Texas state championships. While at Yates, he was co-captain of the basketball team playing as a power forward. įloyd attended Ryan Middle School, and graduated from Yates High School in 1993. Floyd was called Perry as a child, but also Big Floyd being over six feet (183 cm) tall in middle school, he saw sports as a vehicle for improving his life. When he was two, after Floyd's parents separated, his mother moved with the children to the Cuney Homes public housing, known as the Bricks, in Houston's Third Ward, a historically African-American neighborhood. Early life and educationįloyd was born on October 14, 1973, in Fayetteville, North Carolina, to George Perry (1949–2002) and Larcenia "Cissy" Jones Floyd (1947–2018). The other three officers at the scene were also later convicted of violating Floyd's civil rights. Chauvin was convicted on two counts of murder and one count of manslaughter on April 20, 2021, and on June 25, 2021, was sentenced to 22.5 years in prison. In 2020, he lost his job as a truck driver, and then his security job during the COVID-19 pandemic.įollowing his death, the City of Minneapolis settled a wrongful death lawsuit with Floyd's family for $27 million. Louis Park, and worked as a truck driver and bouncer. ![]() In 2014, he moved to the Minneapolis area, residing in the nearby suburb of St. After he was paroled in 2013, he served as a mentor in his religious community and posted anti-violence videos to social media. He served four years in prison after accepting a plea bargain for a 2007 aggravated robbery in a home invasion. Between 19, he was convicted of eight crimes. His dying words, " I can't breathe", became a rallying slogan.īorn in Fayetteville, North Carolina, Floyd grew up in Houston, Texas, playing football and basketball throughout high school and college. After his murder, protests against police brutality, especially towards black people, quickly spread across the United States and globally. Derek Chauvin, one of the four police officers who arrived on the scene, knelt on Floyd's neck and back for 9 minutes and 29 seconds which caused a lack of oxygen. (Octo– May 25, 2020) was a Black-American man who was murdered by a white police officer in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during an arrest made after a store clerk suspected Floyd may have used a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill, on May 25, 2020. ![]() It's on the same client as LoL, which means it's super accessible and doesn't require a separate installation. Most gamers who've played League will likely have come across TFT by now. There are a lot of games like League of Legends fans will love, and a whole slew of reasons why they're great choices for those who want to broaden their horizons. Or maybe players just want another game with expansive lore and unique characters. Alternatively, there's a great selection of titles out there that LoL players can easily pick up thanks to the skills and knowledge League has provided them. Some games are perfect for LoL players because they're based in and around League itself, which is a good way for gamers to get to know the world even better and establish new knowledge of different games. ![]() The franchise has grown exponentially since its initial creation, and luckily, there's no shortage of games for players who want to expand their gaming catalog. Not only does Riot continue creating and releasing new content, whether that be through games, lore, or other media, but the scale of the game itself takes on a new life each time a new player joins. Updated January 9, 2024, by Alexandra O'Leary: League of Legends is an immensely popular game that is forever evolving and growing. For players who are just a bit sick of the solo queue grind, or simply looking for something to add to their library or skill set, here is a great selection of games that offer something a little different to League, while sharing some of the same core themes. The MOBA genre is still thriving outside of League of Legends, however, as are several games outside the genre that share similar themes. The Radiologist will usually comment on the alignment of the vertebrae and the presence or absence of any ‘wear and tear’ changes, usually related to normal aging and known as degenerative changes or osteoarthritis. Sometimes, a Radiologist may also be requested to interpret the images.Ĭ-Spine X-Rays taken in the non-urgent setting are reported by a Radiologist, and the report is usually sent to the doctor who ordered the test. In cases of trauma, the cervical spine x-ray is usually interpreted immediately by an emergency doctor such as an Emergency Physician, an Orthopaedic Surgeon, or a General Surgeon involved in the care of the patient. Many different anatomical measurements have been described in the upper cervical spine to date, most of them based on X-ray. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2006.04.A spinal x-ray can reveal things such as spinal fractures, disk problems, infections, tumors, abnormal curvature of the spine, Scoliosis, arthritis and pretty much anything that may be impacting the spine negatively, including congenital issues that a person may be born with. Classification System Based on Kinematic MR Imaging in Cervical Spondylitic Myelopathy. New MRI Grading System for the Cervical Canal Stenosis. The Torg-Pavlov Ratio for the Prediction of Acute Spinal Cord Injury After a Minor Trauma to the Cervical Spine. Aebli N, Wicki A, Rüegg T, Petrou N, Eisenlohr H, Krebs J. The Reliability of Ratios of Anatomical Measurements. Normal physiology curvature of cervical vertebra is an important factor to maintain effective motor function, and abnormal physiological curvature is one of the symptoms of early cervical spondylosis. Determining the Sagittal Dimensions of the Canal of the Cervical Spine. Cervical Spinal Stenosis: Determination with Vertebral Body Ratio Method. Neurapraxia of the Cervical Spinal Cord with Transient Quadriplegia. Posterior approach laminectomy or laminoplastyĬervical spinal canal stenosis can lead to:Įpidural, subdural, or intradural abscessĭiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)ġ. These two tenets are used to guide decision-making in pursuing conservative or operative management.Īnalgesics including acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsĪnterior approach discectomy or corporectomy The objective of treatment of cervical spinal stenosis is based on two tenets, which are symptom control and further neurological and functional decline. The Muhle staging system utilizes a special device that facilitates T1- and T2-imaging of the cervical spine in positions from 50° of flexion to 30° of extension 7. The Muhle staging system can also be used to grade cervical spinal canal stenosis. On T2-weighted sagittal images, the Kang grading system can be used to classify cervical spinal canal stenosis based on the severity of spinal cord compression 8. The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov can be used to determine the presence of cervical canal stenosis 1-3. Posterior longitudinal ligament ossification The etiology of cervical spinal canal stenosis is divided into congenital or acquired etiologies.Īcquired etiologies can be sub-classified into degenerative, systemic, infectious, traumatic, and iatrogenic etiologies and include 9,10: Chronic compression of the spinal cord results in inflammatory changes and edema and manifests clinically as a progressive decline of upper limb neurological function. It can be associated with vascular compression with arterial involvement resulting in ischemia or venous involvement resulting in stasis. Abnormal BMD and DEXA scan results: T-score on DEXA of 21 to 22.5 5 osteopenia T-score ,22.5 5 osteoporosis Defer to femoral neck T-score over spine T. Intervertebral disc degeneration causing disc herniation and direct compression of the dural sacįacet joint degeneration causing joint instability and hypertrophy, which worsens the degree of dural sac compressionĬapsule and ligament thickening, and osteophytic and cystic changes further worsen the degree of compressionĬervical radiculopathy is caused by cervical canal stenosis at the level where the nerve roots exit the cervical spine and are commonly in the setting of disc herniation and/or facet joint hypertrophy.Ĭervical myelopathy is caused by cervical canal stenosis leading to direct compression of the spinal cord. Weakness of the proximal lower extremitiesĬervical spinal canal stenosis in the setting of age-related degeneration is caused by 9,10: ![]() Progressive loss of fine motor function of the handsĭecreased or absent sensation of the arms or hands Patients with cervical spinal canal stenosis may be asymptomatic or present with neurological symptoms predominantly affecting the upper limbs and include 9: Cervical spinal canal stenosis carries a reported prevalence rate of 1 in 1000 persons over 65 years of age and 5 in 1000 persons over the age of 50 in North America. |
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